Ikhuba luhlobo lwesixhobo sokulima kumhlaba olinywayo. Iquka intsimbi enzima ekupheleni komqadi, ngokuqhelekileyo ibotshelelwe kwiqela lemfuyo okanye iimoto eziyitsalayo. Ikwaqhutywa ngamandla omntu. Isetyenziselwa ukuqhekeza izitena zomhlaba kunye negrooves yokulima ukulungiselela ukutyala.
Amafama aseMesopotamiya naseYiputa aqalisa ukulinga amakhuba kwiminyaka engama-5500 eyadlulayo. Amakhuba angaphambili ayenziwe ngamacandelwana omthi abunjwe nguY, icandelo elingaphantsi lesebe lalikrolwe kwintloko etsolo, kwaye amasebe amabini aphezulu enziwe abe yimibambo emibini. Bopha ikhuba entanjeni ze ulitsale ngenkomo. Incam ikhuhla umsele omxinwa ongekho nzulu emhlabeni. Abalimi banokuqhuba ikhuba ngezandla zabo.
Ngo 3000 BC, ikhuba lalisele liphuculiwe, lenza incam ibe "yintlaba" enokuthi ivuleke kakuhle umhlaba, kunye nokongeza ipleyiti esezantsi ethambekeleyo enokuthi ityhale umhlaba ecaleni.
Ikhuba laseTshayina lavela kwiLeihe. Ekuqaleni, isenokuthiwa "LEIYU". Emva kokusebenzisa iinkomo ekutsaleni iLeibo, ngokuthe ngcembe yahlukana ikhuba neLeibo, negama elifanelekileyo elithi "ikhuba". Ikhuba labonakala kwi-Shang Dynasty kwaye inokufumaneka kwimibhalo yamathambo e-oracle. Amakhuba angaphambili ayekrwada ngokwemilo nenkqubo. Amakhuba entsimbi avela emva kwexesha laseNtshona Zhou Dynasty ukuya kwixesha lasentwasahlobo kunye neAkwindla, kwaye iinkomo zazisetyenziselwa ukutsala amakhuba. Kwi-Western Han Dynasty, ikhuba elithe tye lavela, lineziphalo kunye nezandla kuphela. Kwiindawo apho iinkomo zinqongopheleyo, “ikhuba lokunyathela” lisetyenziswa kakhulu. Namhlanje, kukho izinto zokunyathela ikhuba kwiindawo ezincinci zobuhlanga eSichuan, eGuizhou nakwamanye amaphondo. Ikhuba lokunyathela likwabizwa ngokuba yi-"Min" kunye ne "foot plough". Xa usetyenziswa, yinyathele ngeenyawo zakho ukuze ufezekise umphumo wokuguqula umhlaba. Ingoma kunye noZhou qufei "ngaphandle kweentaba. Ukuphendula amasiko asekuhlaleni egameni labanye":
Ikhuba limile okwecephe kwaye limalunga neemitha ezintandathu ubude. Ekupheleni kwe-crossbar, ngaphezu kweenyawo enye, ezi zandla zimbini nazo zabanjwa. Phakathi kwamakhuba, umqheba omfutshane usetyenziswa ngasekhohlo, apho kukwakhona amanyathelo asekhohlo. Phakathi kwamakhuba, umqheba omfutshane usetyenziswa ngasekhohlo, kwaye indawo apho amanyathelo onyawo lwasekhohlo lukwakhona Iintsuku ezintlanu zokunyathela ekhubeni inokuba lusuku lokulima ngeenkomo, ezingekho nzulu emhlabeni.
Kwixesha leSui kunye neTang Dynasties, ukwakheka kwekhuba kwaphuculwa kakhulu, kwaye kwavela ikhuba eligobileyo leyuan. Ukongeza kwi-armrest yekhuba, kukwakho neendonga zokulima, iintolo zokulima kunye namazinga okulima. Ngokutsho kukaLu guimeng's leidan Sutra, kukho iindawo ezili-11 ezenziwe ngomthi nentsimbi, ezinokulawula kwaye zilungelelanise ubunzulu bokulima. I-2.3 ubude kwaye inkulu kakhulu. Inokutsalwa ziinkomo ezimbini kuphela. IMyuziyam yeMbali yaseTshayina inomfanekiso wekhuba likaTang Dynasty. Umgaqo wayo wamkelwa ngumatshini wanamhlanje wekhuba lebhodi yokubumba. Xa kuthelekiswa nekhuba elithe tye kwi-Western Han Dynasty, i-Qu Yuan ikhuba kwi-Tang Dynasty yandise uvavanyo lwekhuba, olunokuthi luhlangabezane neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokulima nzulu kunye nokulima ngokungekho nzulu; Udonga lwekhuba lwaluphuculwe. Kulawulo lweTang, udonga lwekhuba lwalungqukuva, olunokuthi lutyhalele ecaleni umhlaba obhukuqelweyo, lunciphise ukuxhathisa ukuya phambili, kwaye lubhukuqe ibhloko yomhlaba ukunqumla ukukhula kokhula.
Ikhuba elalisetyenziswa kwiYurophu yakudala alitshintshanga kangako ukusukela kwixesha lobhedu. Kuphela ngumlomo wekhuba oye watshintsha umthi ngentsimbi ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi BC. Ngeli xesha, ikhuba liphakanyiswe kwinqanaba elithile ngumlimi, nto leyo efuna amandla amakhulu. Imisele kunye nemiqolo elinyiweyo ayithanga ngqo kwaye ayinzulu kakhulu, ngoko ke kufuneka ilinywe kabini. Xa ulima ipasi lesibini, yenza i-engile yasekunene kwicala lendlela yokudlula yokuqala.
EYurophu, uhlobo olutsha lwekhuba lusetyenziswe ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC. Inevili lokulawula ubunzulu bokulima, nto leyo esindisa iinzame zomlimi. Ikhuba elitsha linemela yokusika umhlaba kunye nethemplethi yokujika umhlaba. Umsele unzulu kwaye ucocekile, nto leyo ethatha indawo yendlela yokulima yangaphambili. Ikhuba elitsha linzima kuneli lidala yaye lifuna umgudu omkhulu ukulinyusa, ngoko ke amafama alima ngeenkomo. Ukufuya amahashe kwaqala ngenkulungwane yeshumi neyeshumi elinanye.
Amakhuba asasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kuquka neTshayina.
Izixhobo ezifana namakhuba zikwabizwa ngokuba "ngamakhuba".
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-18-2022